Frequently Asked Questions

They might not be "frequently asked" per se, but the following are issues that tend to pop-up from time to time in the study of Spanish.

What is the best way to learn Spanish?

Two words: Total. Immersion. No matter how good your teacher, your software, or your favorite website is, until you are forced to speak a different language continuously, improvement will be modest. You will never be truly bilingual learning from a book; a language has to be heard and spoken. Spending significant time in a Spanish-speaking country will rapidly expand your vocabulary, improve your reading and listening comprehension, and increase your confidence. You'll also have the benefit of experiencing the culture first-hand. Many colleges and universities offer semester abroad programs aimed at a teaching foreign languages. There are also many language schools in Latin America for those who can afford to spend a few weeks or months living outside the United States.

Traveling not going to work out? The advantage of total immersion is that English isn't an option, but you don't necessarily have to move to get good practice. Find a local language program with native speakers who will push you to hear and speak Spanish. Find a conversation partner or group where English isn't allowed. Find a Spanish speaker interested in practicing their English and have a second-language-only session.

If those options aren't practical but you still want to improve, there are many other ways to surround yourself with authentic Spanish:

• Watch a Spanish-language children's show on TV — You're not a kid anymore, but as far as your Spanish goes, you're at that level. If you like Sesame Street, you'll love Plaza Sésamo.
• Watch Spanish-language news on TV — It may still seem way too fast for you, but the news anchors have great pronunciation and enunciation. You'll likely already be aware of the stories they are covering.
• Watch Telenovelas (Soap Operas) on TV — You may feel silly or guilty doing it, but it's for a good cause, right?
• Find a Spanish version of a magazine you like — Many popular magazines (like People, ESPN, and even Good Housekeeping) offer Spanish versions.
• Read a Spanish language newspaper — The high-level vocabulary will be challenging but you can still get the gist.
• Listen to Spanish language radio — You'll be learning something and you may even like the music.
• Do all of the above over the Internet — Save yourself some time and/or money by surfing the web for all these resources online. (Here's a list of newpapers, magazines, and websites and a bunch of Univision telenovelas available on Hulu to get you started.)
• Use Google’s Chrome's Language Immersion extension — Ask Google Chrome to translate all or snippets of your favorite websites into Spanish for reading comprehension practice. If you need help, you can revert back to English or have Chrome read you the Spanish.
• Use the Spanish options on your favorite DVD — The next time you watch, turn on the Spanish subtitles, the Spanish audio track, or both.
• Rent a Spanish language DVD — And turn on the English subtitles. There are many great Hispanic directors.
• Break down and buy that software they sell in the SkyMall catalogue.

Whatever you decide to do, focus on building up your vocabulary. Yes, grammar is important, but correctly conjugating verbs won't get you very far if you don't know any other words to add to the sentence.

Is Spanish the same the world over?

No. Not even close. While it would be very nice to learn a language that was totally consistent from one country to the next, the truth is that you will experience some major differences traveling from one Spanish-speaking country to another. The biggest variations occur between Spain and Latin America. One prime example is the vosotros conjugation which is used almost exclusively in Spain while the rest of the Spanish-speaking world uses ustedes. There are also some key differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. For example, several regions in Spain pronounce "c" and "z" with a slight lisp (e.g. "Valencia" sounds more like "Valenthia"). A computer might be referred to as an ordenador in Spain whereas elsewhere it would be called a computadora. But even Latin American countries can vary greatly from each other.

Central Americans have a tendency to drop the "-s" at the end (and sometimes even in the middle!) of words when speaking, and they also use a (rarely taught) vos conjugation when talking with close friends. Vocabulary is also an issue between Latin American countries. A car can be a coche on one side of the border and a carro on the other. And there is a seemingly endless supply of words for pig, like cerdo, puerco, chancho, cochino, marrano, etc. Much of this variety can be attributed to the history of each country. Some regions have close ties with Spain and Europe and are therefore influenced by languages like French and Portuguese. Countries with closer to the United States (like Mexico) have been influenced greatly by (American) English. Many countries in Latin America use words adopted from indigenous cultures. And every country has their own set of slang words and idiomatic expressions that won't make much sense elsewhere.

Most Spanish curriculums (as well as this website) try to present a "generic" or international version of Spanish which will be useful in a majority of places and situations. By the way, the country of Spain considers itself to be the official keeper of the Spanish language which is known as Castellano ("Castillian" in English).

If you find it upsetting that Spanish is so different from one place to the next, English is really no different. In London, a subway is a "tube," a flashlight is a "torch," an elevator is a "lift," and french fries are "chips." In fact, George Bernard Shaw once wrote that "England and America are two countries divided by a common language."

While we're on the subject…

What is the deal with the Vos?

In some Spanish speaking countries (especially in Central America) there is second person singular pronoun in addition to tú and usted. It's "vos." And this phenomenon is known as "voseo."

Vos is not just a shortening of vosotros or an object pronoun (like nos); it functions as a subject pronoun. Vos is used for informal situations such as between friends. Where the vos is used, tú is either replaced by vos or tú becomes more formal and usted isn't used. Due to the fact that "v" and "b" are pronounced nearly identically in Spanish, vos can sound more like "bos" in conversation. The vos has its own set of rules for conjugations.

Generally speaking, vos conjugations sound like tú conjugations with the accent shifted to the last syllable. The rule you should follow is to remove the "-r" from the infinitive, replace it with an "-s" and add an accent to the preceeding vowel. Compare the tú form and vos conjugations:

verb:	tú form:	vos form:
comer dar decir estar hablar poder ser venir vivir	comes das dices estás hablas puedes eres vienes vives	comés dás decís estás hablás podés sos venís vivís

As you can see from this small sample, stem changing verbs do not change in the vos form, some verbs are exactly the same in the vos, and some verbs are completely irregular (of course).

To form a vos command, you will usually remove the final "-s" from the conjugation: comer → comé, decir → decí, hablar → hablá, etc.

What's the deal with Se?

The word se can mean so many different things in Spanish it can be very difficult to know how to translate it. Here's a list of possibilities.

First of all remember that sé (with the accent) is the irregular, yo form conjugation of saber:

Yo sé dibujar bien.
I know how to draw well.

It's pretty likely that if you see a se, it's a part of a reflexive verb (and may or may have an English translation):

Él se banó y comió la cena.
He took a bath and ate dinner. / He bathed himself and ate dinner.

Sometimes reflexive verbs convey the idea of "becoming" or "getting."

Ella se enojó y salió.
She became angry and left. / She got angry and left.

And sometimes se is a reciprocal reflexive and gets translated as "each other."

Se abrazaron.
They hugged. / They hugged each other.

Se is used to replace the indirect object pronouns le or les in a sentence which also has a direct object pronoun. In that case it could be translated as "to/for him," "to/for her," "to/for it," "to/for you," or "to/for them." Context should make it clear.

¿Recibió ella los libros? Si, Diego se los mandó.
Did she receive the books? Yes, Diego sent them to her.

Se is also used in impersonal expressions where the subject is omitted.

Se venden refrescos.
Beverages for sale. / Beverages are sold (here).

No se sabe.
It isn't known. / One doesn't know.

Lastly, se can also be used in a "no fault" construction that doesn't really have an English equivalent.

Se me perdieron las llaves.
I lost the keys. / The keys got lost.
(Literally: The keys lost themselves on me.)

What's the deal with haber?

Actually the word haber doesn't appear in Spanish all that often but its conjugations do, and they can cause some confusion. Haber is a strange verb that, when used by itself, doesn't really have an English translation; the closest we can get is "to be" in the sense of "to exist." It's easier to see what it means after we conjugate it. In the present tense, haber is conjugated "hay," which means, "there is" or "there are."

Haber has a limited set of conjugations. There is only one conjugation in each tense: the third person singular form. You can't conjugate haber in the yo form or the tú form, for example, because you can't say things like "I there is," or "You there are." But haber can be conjugated in other tenses (and moods). Some examples:

	conjugation:	translation:
present tense: imperfect tense: preterite tense: future tense: conditional: present perfect: pluperfect: future perfect: conditional perfect:	hay había hubo habrá habría ha habido había habido habrá habido habría habido	there is / there are there was / there were there was / there were there will be there would be there has been there had been there will have been there would have been

Haber can also be used as an auxiliary verb together with a past participle to form perfect tenses (present perfect, pluperfect, future perfect, etc.) When used this way, it means "to have" (as in, "to have seen," "to have done," "to have written," etc.) and it has a complete set of conjugations:

(See Perfect Tenses for a complete breakdown of haber conjugations.)

There are also some of common idiomatic expressions that involve conjugations of "haber":

Había una vez… No hay de qué. ¿Qué hay? / ¿Qué hay de nuevo? ¡Qué hubo! or ¡Quihúbole!

Once upon a time… Don't mention it. Think nothing of it. What's happening? / What's new? Hi! What's happening?

Using a form of haber together with que and an infinitive expresses the idea of being necessary or very important:

Hay que comer mucha fruta.
It is necessary to eat a lot of fruit. / You gotta eat a lot of fruit.

Habrá que salir muy temprano.
It will be necessary to leave very eary. / You'll have to leave very early.

What's the deal with Puerto Rico?

Puerto Rico, an island in the Caribbean, has a unique, complicated, and often misunderstood relationship with the United States. When Columbus set foot on Puerto Rico in 1943 the island became a part of the Spanish empire. The Spanish conquistadores quickly enslaved the indigenous population who were nearly decimated by disease and brutal working conditions. There were various attempts to gain independence from Spain over the next 400 years, but in 1898, as an outcome of the Spanish American war, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States (along with Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines). It became a U.S. territory. Since that time the U.S. has granted more and more authority back to the islanders themselves through a series of laws and acts (most notable the Jones-Shafroth Act in 1917). And as it stands now, Puerto Rico is "commonwealth" of the United States. The Spanish term is for this is "Estado Libre Asociado" which translates, "Free Associated State."

Here's where it gets complicated. Puerto Rico is not a U.S. territory or U.S. state, but Puerto Ricans are all U.S. citizens. (They don't need passports to travel to and from the U.S.) Puerto Ricans do not have to pay Federal taxes, but they can be drafted into in the U.S. military and they cannot vote in Federal elections.

So how do Puerto Ricans feel about all of this? There is a group in favor of becoming completely independent from the U.S.; a group in favor of status quo; and there is a group in favor of becoming the 51st state of the Union. In 1998, 47% of Puerto Ricans voters were in favor of becoming a U.S. state.

The term "Puerto Rican" can also be a confusing one. "Puerto Rican" can refer to a permanent resident of the island of Puerto Rico as well as to someone who has emigrated from the island to the U.S. It can also be used to refer to anyone living anywhere who simply has Puerto Rican ancestry.

How do I say "I have been studying for hours"?

A present perfect continuous conjugation like, "I have been studying for hours," or, "We have been driving for days," is a good example of why you shouldn't try to translate certain Spanish expressions one word at a time. If you did, you'd end up with something like "Yo he estado estudiando por horas." While you would probably be understood, there is a better way to say it in Spanish. You're going to say something a lot more like "It makes hours that I study." The formula is this:

"hace" + time period + "que" + present tense

Examples:

Hace días que conducimos.
We have been driving for days.

Hace semanas que yo espero.
I have been waiting for weeks.

We can also write sentences like this in the past tense. In English the "have" becomes a "had." In Spanish we simply change both of our verbs from the present tense to the imperfect tense. Now you're saying something more like "It made hours that I studied," and the formula is this:

"hacía" + time period + "que" + imperfect tense

Examples:

Hacía días que conducíamos.
We had been driving for days.

Hacía semanas que yo esperaba.
I had been waiting for weeks.