The Present Tense (Part 1)

Present Tense Conjugations

Now that you know the general concept behind conjugating verbs, it's time to practice with traditional first verb tense, the present tense. As you would expect, we use the present tense to describe a present action or how things currently are. In Spanish we can even use it to express actions in progress:

They live in Guatemala.
I speak Spanish.
We are eating dinner.

Here's what you need to know about conjugating and using the present tense:

Regular Present Tense Verbs

To conjugate a verb in the present tense, drop the "-ar," "-er," or "-ir" from the infinitive and add the appropriate ending to the stem:

"-ar" endings:

-o	-amos
-as	-áis
-a	-an

"-er" endings:

-o	-emos
-es	-éis
-e	-en

"-ir" endings:

-o	-imos
-es	-ís
-e	-en

Notice how similar the "-er" and "-ir" endings are. Also note the accent mark in every vosotros ending.

Here are some examples for the verbs vivir, hablar, and comer:

Viven en Guatemala.
Yo hablo español.
Comemos la cena.

Stem Changing Present Tense Verbs

It would be nice if that were all there was to it, but the Spanish present tense is actually fairly complicated compared to other tenses. One of the first issues to discuss is a class of verbs known as "stem changing" verbs which do not follow the normal conjugation rules. As the name implies, the stems of these verbs change when they are conjugated.

One common stem changer is the verb dormir (to sleep). Normally, you would expect the stem to be "dorm" after removing the "-ir" ending. However, dormir is what's known as an "o to ue" stem changer. That means we change the "o" to a "ue" whenever we conjugate in the present tense, and the stem becomes "duerm". Check out the present tense conjugations of dormir:

dormir (o → ue):

duermo	dormimos
duermes	dormís
duerme	duermen

Wait a minute, what's going on with the nosotros and vosotros conjugations? The stems of stem changing verbs don't change for every subject — nosotros (we) and vosotros (you all) conjugations remain the same. If you look at the pattern made by the stems in a typical conjugation grid, you can see the changed stems form the shape of a shoe or boot. Because of this, stem changing verbs are often called "boot verbs." See?

dormir (o → ue):

duermo	dormimos
duermes	dormís
duerme	duermen

There are three kinds of stem changing verbs: o→ue verbs, e→ie verbs, and e→i verbs. All of them are conjugated following the same boot verb pattern.

You cannot just figure out whether a verb is a stem changer by looking at it. There are no hard and fast rules as to why certain verbs are stem changers. Your best bet is simply to memorize which verbs fall into which category. And remember, just because a stem has an "e" or an "o" in it doesn't necessarily mean that it's a stem changer.

Stem Changers: e→ie

The following verbs are the most common e→ie stem changers:

cerrar (to close)
convertir (to convert)
defender (to defend)
divertirse (to have fun)
empezar (to begin)

entender (to understand)
mentir (to lie)
pensar (to think)
perder (to lose)
preferir (to prefer)

querer (to want)
recomendar (to recommend)
sentir (to feel, to regret)
tener (to have)
venir (to come)

They are conjugated like this:

pensar (e→ie):

pienso	pensamos
piensas	pensáis
piensa	piensan

Stem Changers: o→ue

The following verbs are the most common o→ue stem changers:

almorzar (to eat lunch)
contar (to count)
dormir (to sleep)
encontrar (to find)
llover (to rain)

morir (to die)
mover (to move)
mostrar (to show)
poder (to be able to)
probar (to try)

resolver (to resolve)
sonar (to sound, to ring)
soñar (to dream)
volar (to fly)
volver (to return)

They are conjugated like this:

poder (o→ue):

puedo	podemos
puedes	podéis
puede	pueden

Stem Changers: e→i

The following verbs are the most common e→i stem changers:

corregir (to correct)
decir (to say, to tell)
elegir (to elect)

medir (to measure)
pedir (to ask for, to order)
repetir (to repeat)

seguir (to follow)
servir (to serve)
vestir (to dress)

They are conjugated like this:

pedir (e→i):

pido	pedimos
pides	pedís
pide	piden

Dictionaries and other resources typically denote stem changing verbs like this: dormir (o-ue), dormir (o:ue) or dormir (ue).

Irregular Present Tense Verbs

In addition to stem changing verbs, there are many other irregular verbs in the present tense that don't follow the normal rules.

Irregular Yo Form Verbs

Some verbs do weird things only in the yo form conjugations. Take dar (to give) for example. It follows the rules for all of its conjugations except for the yo form:

dar:

doy	damos
das	dais
da	dan

Here is a list of common verbs with irregular yo form conjugations:

infinitive:		yo form:
caber (to fit)	→	quepo
dar (to give)	→	doy
estar (to be)	→	estoy
saber (to know)	→	sé
ver (to see)	→	veo

Remember, with these verbs only the yo form is irregular.

Other Irregular Yo Form Verbs

The list above isn't exhaustive; it's not even close. There are many other verbs with irregular yo form conjugations. In fact, there are so many that we put them into categories and don't really treat them as being irregular.

Other Irregular Yo Form Verbs: "-go" Verbs

Several verbs have irregular yo form conjugations that end in "-go." Hacer (to make, to do) is a good example:

hacer:

hago	hacemos
haces	hacéis
hace	hacen

Here's a list of common "-go" verbs:

infinitive:		yo form:
caer (to fall)	→	caigo
decir (to say, to tell)	→	digo
hacer (to make, to do)	→	hago
oír (to hear)	→	oigo
poner (to put)	→	pongo
salir (to leave)	→	salgo
tener (to have)	→	tengo
traer (to bring)	→	traigo
valer (to be worth)	→	valgo
venir (to come)	→	vengo

Note that in addition to the irregular "-go" ending, some of these verbs have other irregularities. For example traer doesn't become "trago," it becomes "traigo."

Other Irregular Yo Form Verbs: "-zco" Verbs

Several verbs have irregular yo form conjugations that end in "-zco." Conocer (to know) is a good example:

conocer:

conozco	conocemos
conoces	conocéis
conoce	conocen

Here's a list of common "-zco" verbs:

infinitive:		yo form:
conducir (to drive)	→	conduzco
conocer (to know)	→	conozco
obedecer (to obey)	→	obedezco
ofrecer (to offer)	→	ofrezco
parecer (to seem)	→	parezco
producer (to produce)	→	produzco
traducir (to translate)	→	traduzco

Other Irregular Present Tense Verbs

There are other irregularities and weird rules in the present tense, but they aren't very common and you don't need to worry about them now. However, you should be familiar with the following present tense conjugations before you get too much further. They are useful verbs and occur frequently:

ir (to go):

voy	vamos
vas	vais
va	van

jugar (to play):

juego	jugamos
juegas	jugáis
juega	juegan

estar (to be):

estoy	estamos
estás	estáis
está	están

ser (to be):

soy	somos
eres	sois
es	son

To learn more about why these verbs and others are conjugated the way they are, see The Present Tense (Part 2).

(If you're curious how both estar and ser can mean "to be," check out Using Ser and Estar.)

Using the Present Tense

We use the present tense to describe the way things are now or how they usually happen.

Tengo dieciséis años.
I am sixteen years old.

Mi amigo toca el saxofón.
My friend plays the saxaphone.

Siempre vamos al centro comercial los viernes.
We always go to the mall on Fridays.

We can also use the present tense to describe things that are currently happening.

En este momento hago mi tarea.
At this moment I'm doing my homework.

Mi amigo toca el piano ahora.
My friend is playing the piano now.

Vamos al centro comercial ahorita.
We're going to the mall right now.

Note: We typically wouldn't use the present tense in this way in English; we'd use the present progressive instead. It would be perfectly acceptable to write these sentences in Spanish using the present progressive, but we don't have to.

Additionally, as in English, we can use the present to discuss things that will happen soon.

Voy al médico mañana.
I go to the doctor tomorrow.

We can even talk about past events using the present tense to make a story seem more immediate and interesting.

Finalmente el general mueve sus tropas y ataca la ciudad del sur.
Finally the general moves his troops and attacks the city from the south.

Newspapers are fond of doing this in headlines.